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建立人际资源圈Similarities and Differences between China and Reforms of Soviet Union---Essay代写范文
2016-08-23 来源: 51Due教员组 类别: Essay范文
Essay代写范文：Similarities and Differences between China and Reforms of Soviet Union这篇Essay范文讲述了作为两个最大的共产主义国家，苏联和中国采取的经济改革措施，评估20世纪50年代中国和苏联经济改革结果，从而试图指出共产主义政权在经济建设和国家管理的缺点内在本质。
Introduction
As the two largest communist countries in human history, the Soviet Union and China have taken measures of economic reform in the 1950s in order to respond to internal and external challenges. Characteristics of reform measures raised by Soviet leaders such as Nikita Khrushchev include: adhering to centralization while expanding the local authority; based on principles of helping with promoting development of production to reorganize government agencies; restructuring cadres, restricting privilege of cadres; developing social democracy and improving the socialist legal system. The results were: the Soviet reform has an impact on the Stalinist model to some extent, but it did not fundamentally change the highly centralized Soviet political and economic system, it was only a partial adjustment of the existing economic system, and therefore the Soviet reform was less important for the recovery of the Soviet economy. Characteristics of the reform measures of the Great Leap Forward put forward by Chinese leaders represented by Mao Zedong were pursuing the high speed in the production development; requiring several times of growth of the main products of industrial and agricultural production. The reform measures proposed during the Great Leap Forward was contrary to the law of development of the productive forces and market development, the Great Leap Forward reform eventually evolved into an unprecedented disaster. A lot of manpower and material resources were non-rationally transferred from the agriculture to the industry, causing a direct result of the great famine in the early 1960s, the number of non-natural deaths during this period announced by mainland China officially was 21580,000, which is mainly because of starvation death, such a large number of deaths occurred during the non-war period almost never happened in human history before.
The economic reforms carried out by the two largest communist countries in the world in the 1950s did not achieve the desired results, China's reform instead caused a tragedy. It is worth noting that in the 1950s, economy of most capitalist countries in the world slowly recovered gradually from the impact by the "World War II" and entered into the more than 20 years of rapid development of the "golden period", they became developed countries. This result to a certain extent explains that communist system has disadvantages which can hardly be overcome in the economic construction and national management. This essay first of all introduces the backgrounds, objectives, processes and results of the economic reforms of the Soviet Union and China in the 1950s, followed by presentation of similarities and differences between the Great Leap Forward Movement of China and the reforms of Soviet Union in 1950s. Finally, the author evaluates the economic reform of China and the Soviet Union in the 1950s based on the compared results, thereby trying to point out the inherent nature of the shortcomings of communist regime in economic construction and national management.
Reforms of the Soviet Union
Background
In 1929, the Soviet Union began to establish an economic structure of highly centralized mandatory planned economic system and one-sided development of heavy industry, which was known as the Stalinist model. In 1950s, this structure exposed a lot of drawbacks. In 1953, after the death of Stalin, Khrushchev came to power, and political instability begun to be caused by a large number of miscarriages of justice; the separation tendency among all republics due to system in Stalin era became increasingly serious; the dissatisfaction with atmosphere of repression due to cult of personality by various sectors was growing; the professional narrow, scattered, ineffective coordination problems caused by sector management in terms of economy became more prominent; the slow improvement on people's living conditions became the serious problem; the abnormal structure of national economy caused by excessive focus on development of heavy industry made the necessities be very scarce. Therefore, the reform to system in Stalin era was inevitable, and complied with the wish of the Soviet people. (References, Zubok Vladislav, and Constantine Pieshakov. “Inside the Kremlin’s Cold War: from Stalin to Khrushchev”, Harvard University Press, 1996, page 18-55).
Objective
Objectives of the reform of the Soviet Union were to address the shortcomings of the Stalinist model, changing the highly authoritarian political structure; the economic reform was particularly evident in agriculture, it abolished the system of obligatory sales to increase farmers' income; in terms of industry, it abandoned collective ownership of state-owned enterprises, encouraging private production enthusiasm.
Process
Khrushchev published a report in the 20th Congress of the Soviet Communist Party in 1956, which was a comprehensive criticism towards the former leader: Stalin, and thus began to promote the reform. Khrushchev's reform related to political, economic and diplomatic fields. In terms of politics, Khrushchev made the following reforms: Opposed the cult of personality, and advocated the principle of collective leadership. Expanded the local authorities while essentially maintaining the centralized system.Vindicated a large number of miscarriages of justice in order to restore and improve the legal system. Streamlined the agency personnel, and established the cadre replacement system.In diplomacy, the theoretical foundation for world communist movement and the Soviet Union's internal and external policies was the theory of war (World War III) to be avoided and the "peaceful coexistence", "peaceful competition" and "peaceful transition"(References, Harry Overstreet and Bonaro Overstreet, “The War Called Peace: Krushchev's Communism”, 1961, W W Norton & Co Inc, Page 2-15.) and changed from the principle of establishing in the war to the theory of establishing in the construction.
In economic terms, Khrushchev carried out some reforms on the economic system of the Soviet Union after taking power, trying to break the old frame of the Stalinist model. The general idea of reform was to emphasize "the principle of material stimuli", expand the autonomy, and stimulate the initiative and enthusiasm of producers, so as to increase the production efficiency. The reform firstly focused on the agriculture, including three major measures: to increase the price of agricultural products, and abolish the obligation system to sell agricultural products; to make the large-scale land reclamation, expand the planting areas for corns, and increase the food production; to eliminate the agricultural machinery and tractor stations, and sell the agricultural machinery to collective farms. A major reorganization of management system was carried out in the industrial and construction aspects, to deliver the management rights from the central to the local, change the "conventions" sector management to the "tranche" sector management, give the rights for partial wage adjustment to enterprises, and try to implement the "principle of material interests."(References, Andrei Markevich and Ekaterina Zhuravskaya, “M-form Hierarchy with Poorly-diversified Divisions: A Case of Khrushchev's Reform in Soviet Russia”, Journal of Public Economics, December 2011, Pages 1550-1560). Khrushchev made a speech about the new program of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in the 22nd Congress on October 18, 1961, declaring that in 20 years, the Soviet Union would "basically completed a communist society." In 1964, when Khrushchev went on holiday in the Black Sea, Brezhnev launched a coup in Moscow in October, Khrushchev was "retired", Khrushchev’s reforms thus failed.
Results
Different ideas cause the different results. Khrushchev's political and economic reforms are in a lot of confusion, and not touch the authoritarian rule and the public ownership system itself, but its limited improvement still makes great achievements. When Khrushchev came to power, the agriculture was almost in the verge of collapse, and the outbreak of food crisis and the great famine were possible within a few years if without reforms. Khrushchev's agricultural reform greatly developed the agricultural production, to solve the food problem and avoid famine. Khrushchev's principle of anti-personality cult had a promotion and ice-breaking significance for people to emancipate the mind and overcome the dogmatism, so the repression social atmosphere under Stalin had been greatly eased, and the Soviet Union had left a profound impact on society. Khrushchev's major reorganization of industrial and construction sectors was not a successful reform, but that was a test to provide the lessons and experience for future generations on how to play a positive initiative of local areas. Also, during the reform, the industry of Soviet Union was still developed.
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51due为留学生提供最好的作业代写服务，想获取更多Essay代写范文，亲们可以进入主页 www.51due.com 为留学生提供essay辅导服务，了解详情可以咨询我们的客服QQ:800020041哟。-lc
Introduction
As the two largest communist countries in human history, the Soviet Union and China have taken measures of economic reform in the 1950s in order to respond to internal and external challenges. Characteristics of reform measures raised by Soviet leaders such as Nikita Khrushchev include: adhering to centralization while expanding the local authority; based on principles of helping with promoting development of production to reorganize government agencies; restructuring cadres, restricting privilege of cadres; developing social democracy and improving the socialist legal system. The results were: the Soviet reform has an impact on the Stalinist model to some extent, but it did not fundamentally change the highly centralized Soviet political and economic system, it was only a partial adjustment of the existing economic system, and therefore the Soviet reform was less important for the recovery of the Soviet economy. Characteristics of the reform measures of the Great Leap Forward put forward by Chinese leaders represented by Mao Zedong were pursuing the high speed in the production development; requiring several times of growth of the main products of industrial and agricultural production. The reform measures proposed during the Great Leap Forward was contrary to the law of development of the productive forces and market development, the Great Leap Forward reform eventually evolved into an unprecedented disaster. A lot of manpower and material resources were non-rationally transferred from the agriculture to the industry, causing a direct result of the great famine in the early 1960s, the number of non-natural deaths during this period announced by mainland China officially was 21580,000, which is mainly because of starvation death, such a large number of deaths occurred during the non-war period almost never happened in human history before.
The economic reforms carried out by the two largest communist countries in the world in the 1950s did not achieve the desired results, China's reform instead caused a tragedy. It is worth noting that in the 1950s, economy of most capitalist countries in the world slowly recovered gradually from the impact by the "World War II" and entered into the more than 20 years of rapid development of the "golden period", they became developed countries. This result to a certain extent explains that communist system has disadvantages which can hardly be overcome in the economic construction and national management. This essay first of all introduces the backgrounds, objectives, processes and results of the economic reforms of the Soviet Union and China in the 1950s, followed by presentation of similarities and differences between the Great Leap Forward Movement of China and the reforms of Soviet Union in 1950s. Finally, the author evaluates the economic reform of China and the Soviet Union in the 1950s based on the compared results, thereby trying to point out the inherent nature of the shortcomings of communist regime in economic construction and national management.
Reforms of the Soviet Union
Background
In 1929, the Soviet Union began to establish an economic structure of highly centralized mandatory planned economic system and one-sided development of heavy industry, which was known as the Stalinist model. In 1950s, this structure exposed a lot of drawbacks. In 1953, after the death of Stalin, Khrushchev came to power, and political instability begun to be caused by a large number of miscarriages of justice; the separation tendency among all republics due to system in Stalin era became increasingly serious; the dissatisfaction with atmosphere of repression due to cult of personality by various sectors was growing; the professional narrow, scattered, ineffective coordination problems caused by sector management in terms of economy became more prominent; the slow improvement on people's living conditions became the serious problem; the abnormal structure of national economy caused by excessive focus on development of heavy industry made the necessities be very scarce. Therefore, the reform to system in Stalin era was inevitable, and complied with the wish of the Soviet people. (References, Zubok Vladislav, and Constantine Pieshakov. “Inside the Kremlin’s Cold War: from Stalin to Khrushchev”, Harvard University Press, 1996, page 18-55).
Objective
Objectives of the reform of the Soviet Union were to address the shortcomings of the Stalinist model, changing the highly authoritarian political structure; the economic reform was particularly evident in agriculture, it abolished the system of obligatory sales to increase farmers' income; in terms of industry, it abandoned collective ownership of state-owned enterprises, encouraging private production enthusiasm.
Process
Khrushchev published a report in the 20th Congress of the Soviet Communist Party in 1956, which was a comprehensive criticism towards the former leader: Stalin, and thus began to promote the reform. Khrushchev's reform related to political, economic and diplomatic fields. In terms of politics, Khrushchev made the following reforms: Opposed the cult of personality, and advocated the principle of collective leadership. Expanded the local authorities while essentially maintaining the centralized system.Vindicated a large number of miscarriages of justice in order to restore and improve the legal system. Streamlined the agency personnel, and established the cadre replacement system.In diplomacy, the theoretical foundation for world communist movement and the Soviet Union's internal and external policies was the theory of war (World War III) to be avoided and the "peaceful coexistence", "peaceful competition" and "peaceful transition"(References, Harry Overstreet and Bonaro Overstreet, “The War Called Peace: Krushchev's Communism”, 1961, W W Norton & Co Inc, Page 2-15.) and changed from the principle of establishing in the war to the theory of establishing in the construction.
In economic terms, Khrushchev carried out some reforms on the economic system of the Soviet Union after taking power, trying to break the old frame of the Stalinist model. The general idea of reform was to emphasize "the principle of material stimuli", expand the autonomy, and stimulate the initiative and enthusiasm of producers, so as to increase the production efficiency. The reform firstly focused on the agriculture, including three major measures: to increase the price of agricultural products, and abolish the obligation system to sell agricultural products; to make the large-scale land reclamation, expand the planting areas for corns, and increase the food production; to eliminate the agricultural machinery and tractor stations, and sell the agricultural machinery to collective farms. A major reorganization of management system was carried out in the industrial and construction aspects, to deliver the management rights from the central to the local, change the "conventions" sector management to the "tranche" sector management, give the rights for partial wage adjustment to enterprises, and try to implement the "principle of material interests."(References, Andrei Markevich and Ekaterina Zhuravskaya, “M-form Hierarchy with Poorly-diversified Divisions: A Case of Khrushchev's Reform in Soviet Russia”, Journal of Public Economics, December 2011, Pages 1550-1560). Khrushchev made a speech about the new program of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in the 22nd Congress on October 18, 1961, declaring that in 20 years, the Soviet Union would "basically completed a communist society." In 1964, when Khrushchev went on holiday in the Black Sea, Brezhnev launched a coup in Moscow in October, Khrushchev was "retired", Khrushchev’s reforms thus failed.
Results
Different ideas cause the different results. Khrushchev's political and economic reforms are in a lot of confusion, and not touch the authoritarian rule and the public ownership system itself, but its limited improvement still makes great achievements. When Khrushchev came to power, the agriculture was almost in the verge of collapse, and the outbreak of food crisis and the great famine were possible within a few years if without reforms. Khrushchev's agricultural reform greatly developed the agricultural production, to solve the food problem and avoid famine. Khrushchev's principle of anti-personality cult had a promotion and ice-breaking significance for people to emancipate the mind and overcome the dogmatism, so the repression social atmosphere under Stalin had been greatly eased, and the Soviet Union had left a profound impact on society. Khrushchev's major reorganization of industrial and construction sectors was not a successful reform, but that was a test to provide the lessons and experience for future generations on how to play a positive initiative of local areas. Also, during the reform, the industry of Soviet Union was still developed.
51Due原创版权郑重声明：原创范文源自编辑创作，未经官方许可，网站谢绝转载。对于侵权行为，未经同意的情况下，51Due有权追究法律责任。
51due为留学生提供最好的作业代写服务，想获取更多Essay代写范文，亲们可以进入主页 www.51due.com 为留学生提供essay辅导服务，了解详情可以咨询我们的客服QQ:800020041哟。-lc
