The politics of colonialism in Africa--essay代写范文精选

51Due论文代写平台essay代写范文:“The politics of colonialism in Africa”，这篇论文主要描述的是15世纪非洲经济的受到了殖民主义的阻碍，以英国和荷兰为首的列强在非洲开展奴隶贸易，将非洲原居民当成货物般出售贸易，这也就是为什么非洲长期处于战乱、饥荒的主要原因，非洲只有通过发展才能够解决这腐败的现状。

The colonialism of Africa is related directly to the situation the country is right now which started through the taking of land and slave trade. By late 15th century the slave trade was very popular especially with the English, French, and Dutch who over 1650-1830 took nearly 4.5 million slaves ('The Slave Trade' pr.3 [2]). However the Arab's have been long involved in the African slave trade through the 8th to 19th century transporting up to 20 million slaves in this time (Austen pg.275 [4]). The other major part of colonialism is the partition of land in which colonial powers took parts of Africa under their power. The 'Scramble for Africa' was the invasion, colonialism, and control of Africa by European colonial powers (Mckay pg.738 [5]). These two factors have greatly contributed to the war, corruption, and famine which Africa is well known for.

The African triple threat is composed of war, corruption, and health for very good reasons. War is involved with militant groups like the FDLR and M23, as well as civil wars like the Rwandan genocide and ongoing conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Corruption is caused due to internal and external factors in which militant groups control mines and corporate companies take advantage of resources. Health is attributed to the AIDS & HIV epidemic, malaria, and famine. These three issues combine to create the broken ground which Africa sits upon to this day.

Africa is a continent which should be in a better social and economic position because of its vast natural resources, hardworking people, and cultural diversity which is put to waste by small minorities which use it for their own gain. Aid has only served as a procrastination tool from building Africa a solid base in which it can independently improve itself on. Development is key to solving conflict in Africa.

There is hope for Africa but much work is involved. Education and civil societies should be accessible to anyone and if they were Africa would not be in such trouble. The people were left with nothing after the colonial period because all gains were taken by colonial countries. It's nothing the African people did that put them in this situation but rather European decisions to take advantage of the people because they could. Africa has all the potential in the world but not the tools to utilize it.

Health is an African issue that resolves from its low social development in which sickness and famine are very common. AIDS & HIV are commonly transmitted as a result of unprotected sex or inheritance by genetics (Nordqvist pr.2 [6]). Malaria is a preventable and curable disease transmitted by infected mosquitos which leave parasites in the bloodstream ('Malaria' pr.1 [7]). Famine inthe Sahel of West Africa has threatened 23 million lives by means of drought, conflict, and destruction of crops by pests (Evans pr.2 [8]). These kinds of issues are not only common but very deadly especially when they are intertwined with one another.

This quote by the UN Secretary General, Kofi Annan explains the devastation of AIDS 'Between 1999 and 2000 more people died of AIDS in Africa than in all the wars on the continent' ('Impact of Aids on Society' pr.1 [9]). Africa has one of the highest military expenditure growth and the violence has grown killing millions but has not beat the AIDS death count. Malaria caused an estimated 660,000 deaths (plus the uncertainty of 490,000-863,000 more) which was mostly among children ('Malaria' pr.1 [7]). A large amount of these deaths could have been prevented by using mosquito nets and getting proper vaccinations, unfortunately these kinds of things are hard to get especially in poorer regions. The famine in the Sahel of West Africa had a third of its 70 million population at risk of starvation and already 60% were going without sufficient food (Evans pr.7 [8]). The Sahel is a poor region and people struggle on a day to day basis to live, combined with the factors of a famine the poorest people are dramatically affected because they don't have much if anything to begin with. These 3 health factors contribute to almost all the death causes in Africa.

NGOs are helpful and save lives but their care is usually only a short term fix. The NGOs need to focus on developing society in the places they go to instead of just caring for basic needs. It's that extra mile that will go a long way if properly done and sustained. Health has been a widely recognized African issue for a long time with the most aid directed towards it. It's never fixed permanently because the people don't have proper education, no sustainable food and water, and virtually no healthcare. If NGOs worked on these things intensively it's very possible that situations would improve in impoverished parts of Africa.

War is an African issue which is mainly caused by conflict with militant groups and different cultural views. The M23 (March 23 Movement) and FDLR (Federation for the Democratic Liberation of Rwanda) are two groups situated in the DRC who are feeding most of the conflict in this area. The M23 was formed in April of 2009 by fighters in CNDP (Congress for Defence of the People), an ethnic Tutsi rebel group that was turned into an army under a 2009 peace deal gone wrong ('M23 allied with FDLR' pr.4 [10]). The FDLR's members are ethnic Tutsi's who were soldiers in the Rwandan army before being forced out by the 1994 Rwandan genocide ('M23 allied with FDLR' pr.5 [10]).

One of the main causes of the ongoing civil war in the DRC was the Rwandan genocide in 1994 when the Hutu regime that killed over 800,000 in 100 days was overthrown and the Tutsis fled to the DRC (Hochschild pr.5 [12]). The Hutu's had organized a massive genocide and were successful in executing it while the world watched and did nothing to help the Tutsi's. Although Rwandans are accountable for the execution and planning of the genocide governments and peace organizations share the guilt as they did nothing to prevent or stop the conflict ('Genocide in Rwanda' pr.6 [13]). The Tutsi's then pushed in a corner rebuilt themselves as the FDLR and started to take advantage of the DRC's rich natural resources.Militant groups and civil wars impede country's development and push people into poverty. The FDLR has been known to fundraise for their group in Rwandan refugee camps in Uganda. Their main objective is to spread rumours that it is dangerous to go home and that there is no money to make (Kabeera pr.10 [11]). These lies prevent people from going home and rebuilding their lives and instead trick them into joining the FDLR. Civil wars like the Rwandan genocide force people to leave everything behind and to start a new life somewhere safe. A lot of people are left with nothing and have to go into militant groups and conflict mineral mining just to survive.

Other countries need to start doing the right thing in order to prevent civil war and in general violence. During the 1990's the United States armed Africa with over $200 million of arms and military training to 6 out of 7 militant groups operating in the DRC (Hochschild pr.16 [12]). Actions like these prove that some countries care more about financial gains even if they know it supports a conflict. International powers use the conflict as a money maker and others don't want to get involved because they don't need to. There truly is a dilemma with international priorities.

Corruption is everywhere in Africa because of corrupt military regimes, corrupt societal ways and multinational corporations. The FDLR is associated with conflict minerals especially coltan in which they control many mines containing it in Eastern Congo. Society is also very corrupt in the way that business is handled honestly. Multinationals like shell also take advantage of low work wages and a great quantity of natural resources. These three groups are the leaders in corruption in Africa and really hurt development both economically and socially.

The FDLR controls many of the mines in Eastern DRC and controls the people under slave labour conditions. Human rights observers say that coltan is used in cell phones, computers, video game systems, and much more which is directly linked to the funding of civil war in the DRC ('Coltan: a new blood mineral' pr.2 [14]). Companies take advantage of the fact that coltan is cheapest here and therefore they can make more profit on it even though coltan is found all over the world including Australia, Canada, China, Brazil and other potential mines. In Nigeria corruption happens frequently in government institutions like hospitals and schools where patients have to bribe with money to be seen and student have to bribe to pass examinations ('How deep is corruption in Africa?' pr.3-4 [15]). If the people are unable to come up with the money they can't further their education or get diagnosed at a hospital which is really unfair. In Nigeria the international oil giant shell admitted that it fed conflict, poverty, and corruption through oil activities in the country ('How deep is corruption in Africa?' pr.1 [15]). Although shell has 10% of its oil reserves in Nigeria the country is still in dire poverty and conflict. Something drastic needs to be done in order to curb this corruption in which Africa is deeply involved in.

With the great quantity of minerals that the DRC has it could be one of the richest countries in Africa, but in its current situation it is a very bad thing ('Congo's conflict minerals' pr.13 [16]). Not only does the DRC contain the valuable coltan but it also contains minerals such as gold,tin, and tungsten which are also worth a good amount of money. The mineral trade is a good source of income for government soldiers and rebels alike because it is used to buy more arms to control and gain more territory continuing violence ('Congo's conflict minerals' pr.12 [16]). By buying conflict minerals the circle of violence will just continue as it has.

Nigeria's corruption has been largely blamed on colonialism leaving the Africans stuck in poverty. The discoveries of vast quantities of oil and natural gas in the country have led to massive corruption of ethics (Amsterdam pr.4 [17]). With the lure of money and undeveloped society companies quickly rushed to take advantage of the profits. Kenya is a country that is trying to change things as President Mwai Kibaki has put ending corruption at the top of his agenda ('How deep is corruption in Africa?' pr.7 [15]). Even though some countries are trying to make a change this kind of issue and its severity requires international help from a developed country. An effective democracy, police force, and government need to be made and maintained in order to end corruption. These kinds of efforts have already been made by Canadian UN peacekeeping forces in other parts of the world.

The African Triple Threat of war, corruption, and health truly is the biggest issue that Africa has ever faced. The War in Africa is very bad and fuelled directly by external powers and different cultural views (Rwandan Genocide). Countries like the US sell millions of dollars' worth of arms to militant groups who then fundraise at refugee camps telling people it's too dangerous to go home and that they have to join the FDLR. Corruption is blamed on colonialism when the Africans were stripped of everything and left with nothing. Corruption is everywhere in Africa from government institutions like schools and hospitals, military regimes taking over mines, and multinationals taking advantage of the people for natural resources. Health in Africa is terrible and the worst anywhere because people don't have food, healthcare, or protection. AIDS and HIV are deadly sicknesses very common in Southern Africa which destroys society by taking out the most effective people in it (workforce). Malaria is passed on by infected mosquitos and if not treated can kill, the only reason this is such a threat is because the people cannot afford adequate protection. Famine is a common issue in Africa where crops can't develop and people are at huge risk of starvation. Africa is a continent that should be in a better standing then it currently is.

There are a lot of great hardworking people in this country but they can't achieve greatness because it was never available to them from the start and undermined by corruption, war, and health. Aid needs to be improved upon and oriented in a way so that Africa can build a strong base in which it can develop the country rather than taking the short term fix. If the broken ground of corruption, war, and health in not fixed then Africa will never rise from the ashes and build on solid ground.

To ultimately solve the triple threat a lot of time, money, and work needs to be put in by countries and NGOs alike. It's impossible to fix an issue when the solution isn't sustainable and really sustainable solutions are what fixing Africa is all about. Sustainability is in our everyday life and is taken for granted when the people in Africa don'thave sustainability for their food, health, or government. When all is said and done it really just comes down permanent solutions that can be successfully maintained, if that can be done then Africa can rise and be a prosperous nation.

'If there are dreams about a beautiful South Africa, there are also roads that lead to their goal. Two of these roads could be named Goodness and Forgiveness' (Mandela pr.1 [18]).

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