Economic growth in international trade development--论文代写范文

51Due论文代写平台essay代写范文:“Economic growth in international trade development”，这篇论文主要描述的是频繁的商务贸易当中国外直接投资是非常重要的一种形式，它能够为一个国家和地区注入新的资本来保持经济的活力，也能够为带来先进的生产技术、成熟的管理体系、科学的生产规划等好处，在现在仍有不少的地区想要通过吸引外国投资资本的方式来促进经济的增长，进而加快国际贸易的发展进程。

This chapter offers an introduction to the research, with paragraph 1.2 detailing the problem it focuses on, leading to the research question in paragraph 1.3. Paragraph 1.4 discusses the relevance of the research. The chapter ends with an outline of the thesis. The next paragraphs contain the various purposes and the general research design, and finish with the disposition of the study.

1.1 Background

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is an important source of capital and economic growth in recent business. It provides a package of new technologies, management techniques, finance and market access for the production of goods and services. However, attracting FDI is a major challenge for most host countries as they face the challenge of identifying the major factors that motivate and affect the FDI location decision.

Nowadays, regions try to attract Foreign Direct Investments to stimulate their economic development (OECD, 2002a). Certain regions consider the ecological issues as well and promote sustainable FDI. Recently, while working at AgentschapNL, an agency of the Dutch secretary of Economic Affairs, the awareness for sustainable investment rose. AgentschapNL promotes sustainable development and innovation, both in the Netherlands and abroad.

One region that is engaged in an initiative to attract FDI is the Swedish province J?mtland. This initiative is called Midscand and it involves stimulating business investments and cooperation (joint ventures, business development, acquisitions, strategic alliances, outsourcing and new start-ups). One of their target countries is the Netherlands. The activities that are discussed are the sectors: cleantech, tourism, mechanical industry, forestry and call centres. The scope of this research is limited to the cleantech sector. This sector deals with sustainable innovations and investments in J?mtland, with special focus on wind and bio energy. The main goal of this project is to attract new investments from the Netherlands to Swedish regions

1.2 Problem Indication

The literature dealing with FDI can be classified in two main streams, as pointed out by Agiomirgianakis, Asteriou and Papathoma (2003): the first explains the effect of FDI on the process of economic growth, while the second one goes in depth into the study of the determinants of FDI. This thesis focuses on the second part of literature. Among all the factors influencing the location decisions of FDI, the location-specific determinants need particular exploration, since they can help the host governments to attract and increase FDI inflows using several instruments (Chakrabarti, 2001). Location-specific factors will always influence the decision to enter or exit a location for investment purposes (Audretsch and Fritsch, 2002).

FDI is a key element of the international economic relations as it is an engine of employment, technology transfer and improvement of productivity, which ultimately leads to economic growth. The need to attract FDI forces governments to provide a favourable climate for business activities (Nordstrom, 1991). The foreign firms can be influenced by the political and economic institutional framework of the host country, which could affect the choice of where to invest their capital (Makino and Chan, 2004).

The challenge of this research is to explore which location determinants make a region attractive for FDI. The definition of the problem is:

What should Swedish regions do to positively influence FDI?

By presenting a thorough overview of FDI and the determinants that could influence the location choice for a company, this research aims to provide a framework, tested in interviews for the applicability of investments.

1.3 Research questions

To solve the problem the following research questions are answered:

What is FDI?

Based on a literature review that provides theoretical information on this phenomenon.

What are the location factors?

Galan and Gonzales (2007) are used as basis for the location factors. Several other papers on location factors are evaluated and criticized.

What does Sweden have to offer?

This final question deals with the application of the theoretical framework to Swedish region as case study and the relationship between the factors they possess and the factors they need to stimulate to influence FDI.

1.4 Purpose and Objective

The purpose of this thesis is to examine which regional factors influence foreign direct investments. Theories regarding FDI and location-specific characteristics will be reviewed and analysed in the theoretical framework. A thorough overview of the location factors will be part of the framework that can be used by regions, willing to attract sustainable investments. But first of all, the objective as described in the definition of the problem is to give recommendations to Swedish regions regarding the factors they should highlight to attract or influence direct foreign investment.

1.5 Research Design

The literature framework is based on relevant papers. According to Ghauri (2005), theoretical data will be used to understand and interpret the research question, and it will help to “broaden the base from which scientific conclusion can be drawn”. The relevance of the papers will be based on quality. To reach the goal of collection qualitative data for the research question, a phased selection is made. The emphasis of the courses Corporate Level Strategy and Research Methods of Strategy within the master Strategic Management is on testing all data on quality. By examining the relevance, publication form and impact factor of the information, the quality of the paper will be showed.

The research is divided into two parts: (1) the literature research and (2) a case study. The first part of the research is explorative, because it is intended to gain more information on the situation and to get familiar with the research area. Qualitative studies -observations and interviews- are used to gain more knowledge of the research topic (Sekaran, 2003).

The research mainly relies on secondary data; books and articles by various authors are considered. Literature is compared and new insights are gained. Interviews are conducted for the verification of the interests, which are characterized as primary data. In this research, qualitative data is the main source. The time dimension of this research is cross-sectional, which implies that the research is conducted at one particular moment in time.

For useful literature, the data will be collected on acknowledged databases (e.g. ABI/Inform, JCR, Web of Science). The keywords that will be used during the search period are “FDI”, “entry modes”, “choice of country”, “region”, and “location determinants”. All literature sources can be found in the list of references. The theory will be examined by a qualitative case study. Case studies are used to understand a specific case under particular circumstances (Patton, 2002).

1.6 Disposition

In chapter 2 the contemporary theory that has been evaluated and reviewed is presented. An introduction will be followed by a presentation of FDI and the factors that influence the location choice, followed by the location factors that are important for wind and bio-energy. In chapter 3

the methodology is elaborated and provides a description of the way this thesis was written and the choices that are made. In the second paragraph the data and sample size are explained. Theoretical and empirical frameworks are discussed, as well as the reliability and validity of this study. In chapter 4

the participating respondents are interviewed, which leads to an analysis and concludes the empirical results

Government

Government institutes think that the market size is not an important issue, because they see Sweden as a part ofthe world's largest free-trade market, the European Union, with prospering domestic and Scandinavian markets. According to ScandaniviaInvest “Sweden accounts for a major share of both consumers and economic activities in the region. The country is often seen as a frontrunner in adopting new technologies and setting new consumer trends”. There are many examples of companies using Sweden as a test market, not in the least for clean tech products and services. Midscand mentions that “Sweden is the world's fourth competitive economy according to Economic Forums global rankings. Swedes are known for adopting new technology (test market)”. Economic growth is considered by all the respondents as an important aspect. The government institutes promote economic growth as a market aspect that allows private companies to flourish.

Sweden offers a steady supply of skills with a truly multinationalcorporate community. There also are specific cost advantages in the high-productivity manufacturing sector.

With a large quantity of skilled labour, high female participation in the workforce and a consensus on economic restructuring, Sweden has a positive reputation in the business world. Swedish labour relations are generally co-operative and rarely result in difficult conflicts among parties. According to the EVD the Swedish demographics are more favourable than in most European countries. Workforce participation of elderly people is high.

GDP per capitaGDP per hour workedLabour utilisation

2001-20072001-20072001-2007

Sweden2,62,60,0

Infrastructure and technological factors

Companies

Infrastructure in general is an important determining factor at regional level to attract FDI, this is mentioned by all the respondents. Infrastructure includes harbours, highways and railways as well as telecommunication is mentioned as a factor with huge importance as an FDI determinant. This is due to investments made in an economy with well-developed infrastructure is more attractive. Nevertheless not every company agreed that it was important for their decision. Sub-factors like transportation costs en access to suppliers are not important for every kind of business. Insito a real estate company stated that these factors are not important. On the other hand Acciona a large construction company thinks it is very important.

Labour quality affects attraction of FDI concluding by the answers given by the interviewees. 9 out of 14 find this in important factor concerning location decision for FDI. Most foreign direct investors do not only make their location decision upon labour cost but are in most cases also looking for qualified workers, which might come at a higher price. As pointed out earlier the respondents stress the importance of effective wage, paying higher salaries to competent workers will increase productivity and hence lower the effective wage. High level of labour quality will not only increase productivity but also enable the possibility to make FDI requiring advanced technology.

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