Capacities and Neurobiological Activities--论文代写范文精选

系列活动设置在所有活动的组织层次,其中包括更多的互动。下一步是确定的层次水平组织和这个层次水平的解释。这就需要找到正确的组织层次。已经指定组织的水平,属于大脑的范围的选择。下面的essay代写范文进行详述。

Using levels of organization and levels of explanation separates (1) the levels that are used to order those things that are found in nature, and (2) the different descriptions of those things that are found in nature. By keeping (1) and (2) separate, but showing how they are related, we can see how psychological capacities are related to neurobiological activities. To create a single framework with these two types of levels, we need only notice that the lowest level of explanation and some level of organization identify the same class of things: the interactions of entities found in nature. Regular and predictable interactions are, of course, one of the central features of levels of organization. And the description supplied at the lowest level of explanation is a description of a biological mechanism, which is a specific series of interactions. 

Thus, while the description at the lowest level of explanation focuses on the particular series of activities that carry out a capacity, this circumscribed series of activities is set within all of the activity at a level of organization, which includes more interactions than just those that are concerned with a single psychological capacity. The next step is determining where the hierarchy of levels of organization and this hierarchy of levels of explanation intersect. This requires finding the correct level of organization for the lowest level of explanation. Having already specified the levels of organization that fall within the scope of the brain, there are the following to choose from: the cellular level, the molecular level, and the atomic level—recall that there are not levels of organization for functional brain areas or other large scale brain structures.

Of these levels, the cellular level of organization seems to be the most appropriate. The entities at this level, neurons, interact over the appropriate spatial and temporal scales to carry out psychological capacities, and much of the work within neuroscience is consistent with the idea that the activities at this level carry out psychological processes.10 If this is the appropriate level of organization, then some of the activities that occur at the cellular level of organization—the activities and interactions of neurons— figure in the descriptions that occur at the lowest level of explanation. This intersection of levels of organization and levels of explanation creates a two dimensional model, a summary of which is shown in figure 7. 

But they are, nonetheless, just descriptions of those activities that occur at the cellular level of organization. The psychological capacities that are described in cognitive psychology may seem distinct from the activities found at the cellular level of organization, but they are not, and moreover, they cannot be. For it to be otherwise, psychological capacities would either have to occupy their own level of organization or they would have to be unconnected from the activities that occur in nature. A caveat is now in order. While Figure 7 illustrates the significant features of this account, a more complete model should indicate that some aspects of psychological capacities are carried out by activities at the molecular level of organization. Molecular activity gives rise to the plasticity that occurs at the cellular level, and this does bear on the execution of psychological capacities. In the more detailed model, the intersection of levels of explanation and levels of organization is split between the cellular and the molecular levels of organization (figure 8).

Conclusion 
The goal in this paper has been to outline an alternative model for understanding the relationship between psychological capacities and neurobiological activities. Several as- 17 pects of this model have been explained rather quickly. A more complete account should include a fuller discussion of the nature of psychological capacities, as well as a further defense of the claim that it is the activities at the cellular level of organization that primarily carry out psychological capacities. Nevertheless, what has been put forward here is a useful alternative to an account (such as Lycan’s) that locates psychological capacities and neurobiological activities on a single hierarchy of levels. Based on this new model, it is clear that the psychological is not a part of nature in the way that Lycan suggests: the psychological is not one of the many types of things that occupy the various levels of organization. 

This model also indicates that the relationship between the psychological and the neurobiological is not analogous to the relationship between chemical entities and processes and those of basic physics. Instead of having a composition relationship, psychological capacities are only a certain type of description of neurobiological processes. This is a type of description that is useful and has been widely adopted. But because it is only a certain type of description, the psychological is not separable from the neurobiological in the same way as the chemical is separable from basic physics.（essay代写)

51Due网站原创范文除特殊说明外一切图文著作权归51Due所有；未经51Due官方授权谢绝任何用途转载或刊发于媒体。如发生侵犯著作权现象，51Due保留一切法律追诉权。
更多essay代写范文欢迎访问我们主页 www.51due.com 当然有essay代写需求可以和我们24小时在线客服 QQ:800020041 联系交流。-X（essay代写)