Technology Integration around the Geographic Information--论文代写范文精选

访问和检索信息的任务成为一个关键活动，进行决策时,由于用户的需求日益增长。这些需求更自然恢复,更快的和相关的信息检索，这些理想的特性被认为是由于搜索信息时,由于用户体验的缘故导致。下面的essay代写范文进行详述。

Abstract 
One of the elements that have popularized and facilitated the use of geographical information on a variety of computational applications has been the use of Web maps; this has opened new research challenges on different subjects, from locating places and people, the study of social behavior or the analyzing of the hidden structures of the terms used in a natural language query used for locating a place. However, the use of geographic information under technological features is not new, instead it has been part of a development and technological integration process. This paper presents a state of the art review about the application of geographic information under different approaches: its use on location based services, the collaborative user participation on it, its contextual-awareness, its use in the Semantic Web and the challenges of its use in natural languge queries. Finally, a prototype that integrates most of these areas is presented. 
Keywords: Geographic Information System, Location Based Services, Mashups, Semantic Web.

Introduction 
As the integration between technology and society grows up, the task of accessing and retrieving information becomes a crucial point for decision-taking activity, caused by the ever growing user’s needs. These needs are resumed in a more natural, faster and pertinent information retrieval; these desirable features are considered because while searching for information, the user experience frequently becomes frustrating due to the impossibility of making a precise petition on the required form, also by the immense quantity of retrieved results or by the imprecision of them, in which there are irrelevant results meanwhile the really relevant responses are not found. There are different fields in which the differentiation of the diversity of users takes a higher importance. 

That is the case for the searching of places and geo-located services, through a digital map for example. Under this focus, the use of located based services (LBS) let the user access to information for locating geographic places and points of interest (POIs), making this desirable to find and locate the more adequate ones to a user’s particular need. In recent years, it has become common the use of digital maps in hands of Google Maps, Yahoo Maps, Live Maps, among many others. The relevance of the geographic information has risen a great interest on users and development communities, which is manifested in the huge amount of APIs and mashups applications that have been appearing; there are different location based services, offered by mobile communication and services providers, e.g. there are services for route planning, city guides, hotel guides, etc; most of these applications are commercial or academic products that are generally focused on the locatable contextual dimension. 

Other researches that consider the geo-located information to place searching includes the COMPASS 2008 project [1] which presents the use of ontologies towards a contextaware personalized information system, the tourist guide based on location from the Cyberguide project [2] which aimed to provide information to tourists based on their position, or the Lancaster City guide [3] in which according to the location and the user’s preferences allows a visitor to get interesting information about the points of interest in the region. It must be considered that the same user, under different circumstances is going to have different goals and purposes. On the field of geo-located services it is important to consider the users’ individual characteristics, because each person has different social, cultural and economical features, making his or her information needs implicitly different. 

This becomes necessary to have context-aware applications that consider the mentioned features in order to avoid the results that are not relevant to a particular user under specific spatial and temporal situations, at querying for locating places and services, such as hotels or restaurants. However, since the amount of information has been continuously growing, the remaining data relevance problem and the information overload have become more serious. The use of semantics has been proposed to face up those problems [4], mainly through the use of ontologies. 

According with this, Perry et al. [5] presented an ontology based model that integrates the thematic, spatial and temporal dimensions, using a high level ontology that defines a general set of thematic classes and spatial entities, with associated relations that connect them. Other works for geographic ontology creation includes the development of a Web tool for this task [6], meanwhile [7], [8] and [9] are focused on the use of geographic domain ontologies for service description as a mean to counteract the ambiguity on user’s queries. The previous boards to another topic: the problems of vagueness inside natural language queries. In this respect, various attempts have been focused towards the identification and nature of natural language quantitative and qualitative prepositions used under geographic information domain with the purpose of a better understanding of determine what the user is trying to mean at querying [10]. The present paper gives a brief overview of the previous technologies and topics mentioned above considering its use related with the search of places and services through the use of geographic information. 

The uses that geographic information has today seem to cover a variety of research areas, each one with its own challenges. However, it can be seen that the developments among them could be integrated, giving to final users more reliable and personalized systems. The content of the document is as follows: sections 2 to section 7 covers topics of Location Based Services (LBS), map mashups, collaborative geographic systems, contextawareness on LBS environments, the integration of geographic related information under the Semantic Web focus and the challenges from natural language querying for geographic information. Section 8 presents a prototype that integrates some of the previous topics, and finally conclusions are presented.

Conclusions 
The continuous and dynamic changes on the technology adoption by the society have turned the different technological uses of geographic information and applications a crucial component for the decision-taking, inclusive on particular issues, such as the election of the nearest restaurants that provides the most according features against the user preferences.（essay代写)

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