New Account of Personalization and Effective Communication--论文代写范文精选

广泛的、定量的研究信息和知识经济输入,主要关注技术。开创性的研究指出,知识增长的重要性通过识别总产出的增长,总资本和劳动力投入的增长无法解释。下面的essay代写范文进行详述。

Abstract 
To contribute to understanding of information economies of daily life, this paper explores over the past millennium given names of a large number of persons. Analysts have long both condemned and praised mass media as a source of common culture, national unity, or shared symbolic experiences. Names, however, indicate a large decline in shared symbolic experience over the past two centuries, a decline that the growth of mass media does not appear to have affected significantly. Study of names also shows that action and personal relationships, along with time horizon, are central aspects of effective communication across a large population. The observed preference for personalization over the past two centuries and the importance of action and personal relationships to effective communication are aspects of information economies that are likely to have continuing significance for industry developments, economic statistics, and public policy.

INTRODUCTION
Broad, quantitative studies of information and knowledge economies have been primarily concerned with inputs, technology, and outputs. A pioneering study pointed to the importance of knowledge growth by identifying growth in aggregate output that growth in aggregate capital and labor inputs cannot explain.3 Other studies, including an important US Office of Telecommunications report, have used national accounting data to estimate the value of knowledge production and the share of national output associated with information activities.4 Studies have also estimated the number of information workers and their share in the national workforce.5 More recently, measures of technology diffusion, such as the share of persons that have telephones, computers, and Internet connections, have played prominent roles in discussion and analysis.6 While measures of inputs, technology, and outputs associated with information have considerable value, they also have major weaknesses. 

Classifying groups of workers, types of output, or output growth residuals as being associated with information involves a data naming exercise with considerable scope for discretion.7 The results may thus provide more evidence about the particular naming exercise than about the general nature of the economy.8 Moreover, consistent national level data on economic inputs and outputs are difficult to construct for a long period. While a long-run historical perspective is important for understanding information economies, statistical agencies face significant challenges just in coping with the effects of recent information technology developments.9 Approaches that focus on inputs, technology, and outputs also can obscure that persons are the subjects of the information economy, and that persons thinking and communicating produce non-marketed human goods and create culture for common use.10 

Creative empirical approaches are needed to complement widely recognized theoretical developments in the economics of information. The economics of information have shaped the way economists and others think.11 Information is in general imperfect and asymmetric, like a tomato selected at random from a backyard garden. Areas in which the economics of information has thus far only made limited progress include: how and how well organizations and societies absorb new information, learn, adapt their behavior, and even their structures; and how different economic and organizational designs affect the ability to create, transmit, absorb, and use knowledge and information.12 These questions require study that goes well beyond price systems. The key questions relate to dynamics of the information economy not captured in traditional models of markets. 

Personal given names offer several advantages for studying an information economy.13 On a daily basis, for most types of information, and in much of human communications, “who” and “to whom” are key questions. Personal names matter in normal human activity, they are a crucial aspect of personal identity and dignity, and they have deep cultural significance. Moreover, from an operational perspective, personal names have been collected extensively and over a long period of time in the process of public administration.14 A given name, which forms part of a contemporary personal name, is generally given to a person shortly after birth, and given names are seldom changed.15 Given names thus provide a means for disciplined, quantitative study of information economies across major social, economic, and technological changes. The work of influential analysts points to the importance of studying names. 

Pierre Bourdieu has declared that the social sciences must focus on “the social operations of naming,” or using one of Bourdieu’s distinctive terms, naming habitus, meaning a social perspective on naming habits, an aspect of which will be measured in this paper in bits.16 Niklas Luhmann has elaborated upon the three-in-one unity (unitas multiplex) of information, message and understanding, and Luhmann has explored theoretically how communication constructs social systems and shifts them among different states.17 

The distribution of name frequencies, which consistently produces a particular order as part of the communication that characterizes social life, is an important empirical example of Luhmann’s theory.18 Jürgen Habermas has discussed communicative rationality in relation to the historical emergence of the public sphere, its refeudalization, and the colonization of the lifeworld.19 Public discussion and public opinion concerning personal names affects practical private interests, such as the ability to attract attention, get respect, or communicate status. Study of names can provide important historical evidence concerning Habermas’s distinction between communicative and instrumental rationality. More generally, study of names can help one better understand the widely cited work of Habermas, as well as that of Luhmann and Bourdieu. To contribute to understanding of information economies of daily life, this paper explores over the past millennium given names of a large number of persons. 

Analysts have long both condemned and praised mass media as a source of common culture, national unity, or shared symbolic experiences.20 Names, however, indicate a large decline in shared symbolic experience over the past two centuries, a decline that the growth of mass media does not appear to have affected significantly. Study of names also shows that action and personal relationships, along with time horizon, are central aspects of effective communication across a large population. The observed preference for personalization over the past two centuries and the importance of action and personal relationships to effective communication are aspects of information economies that are likely to have continuing significance for industry developments, economic statistics, and public policy.

Analyzing Names 
Choosing and communicating names have long been important actions in information economies. In Hebrew scripture, the stewardship that human beings exercise over nature is expressed in God’s giving the first man power to name all living creatures, and the calling and giving of names played a key role in establishing God’s special relationship with Israel.21 The classical culture of learning recognized the importance of naming in the Latin saying “Nomen est numen”: to name is to know. In Tudor and Stuart England (1485-1714): Naming was a serious business, securing legal, social, religious, and semantic identity. According to conventional commentators, the name given at baptism was indeed one’s Christian name, a sign of ‘our regeneration’ and ‘a badge that we belong to God’. It also put one in fellowship with all others who had worn the name before, to be ‘recorded not only in the church’s register, but in the book of life, and stand there forever’.22

The importance attached to naming is not anachronistic today. The popularity of nameyour-baby books and websites emphasizes that fact.23 Consider as well the Society for Creative Anachronism (SCA), a worldwide group of person that study and re-create the European Middle Ages. In its activities, the SCA puts considerable emphasizes on naming. Each SCA member adopts a unique name appropriate to the Middle Ages through a formal SCA process of authentication and registration, and in all SCA activities and communications SCA members use these names.24 Over the last several decades, choosing names for businesses and products has developed as a special line of commerce. 

Firms such as Landor, Interbrand, Enterprise IG, Idiom, NameLab, TrueNames, and others provide commercial naming services: Each of the firms has its own jealously guarded methodology, a signature “naming module” that distinguishes it from its competitors. Enterprise IG has its proprietary NameMaker program, good for generating thousands of names by computer. Landor uses a double-barrelled approach; deploying both its “Brand Alignment Process” and a “BrandAsset Valuator.” Others find that their module must be described in more than a few words. “We have a wonderful approach,” says Rick Bragdon of Idiom. “We use an imaginative series of turbo-charged naming exercises, including Blind Man’s Brilliance, Imagineering, Synonym Explosion and Leap of Faith…We find that when clients are playing, literally playing creative games, they create names that come from a place of joy, a place of fun. 25

The commercial goal is to find a “good name”: a name that sounds well, that is memorable, and that has appealing connotations with respect to the particular naming situation. As for commercial names, the value of personal names depends on norms, memories, connotations, and other aspects of shared experiences. Norms governing naming, such as naming after parents, grandparents, biblical figures, or deceased siblings, are common laws in the economy of names. They evolve through common awareness of patterns of cases and possibilities for differences and exceptions. 

Estimating the value of a particular name involves collecting and assessing information about other persons’ perceptions of the name within the information economy. While norms and social values structure naming choices, the actual personal choice has largely been a domain of freedom, i.e. personal preference is the recognized ultimate authority.26 Thus chosen names provide evidence about the preferences that free persons express in a particular historical context. Personal given names relate to a significant part of shared symbolic experience. Persons who have the same given name literally share the experience of being called by that name; they share the experience of being associated with all the social meaning attached to the name. Birth parents and chosen others, such as godparents, also share the experience of determining a good name for another person. Through the course of their lives persons have a wide range of other symbolic experiences. Naming, however, is probably unique in its combination of personal significance, universal prevalence, and consistency through time.

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