Language and Cognition--论文代写范文精选

相互了解是至关重要的，这对于理解语言是如何工作的,并且提供了基础，一切都说被一个观察者说另一个观察者可以自己。实验数据积累在过去十年中突出角色体验，基本认知功能在感知、分类和概念化。下面的essay代写范文进行详述。

Language 
As a natural phenomenon, language may be best described as a self-generating and selfsustaining continuum (environmental system) that serves as an interface between man as a living organism and the environmental niche he occupies (Maturana & Varela, 1980). It is through this interface that actual in-formation takes place as a process whereby an organism establishes a cognitive coupling with the environment. According to Varela (1992:8), “such in- formation is never a phantom signification or information bits, waiting to be harvested by a system. It is a presentation, an occasion for coupling, and it is in this entre-deux that signification arises”. This introduces an alternative concept of information accepted in autopoietic theory: by information is understood “the capacity of certain physical entities of presenting alternative configurations and consequently of exerting different actions in regard to other components or the whole system. Information is a macroscopic characteristic of a physical entity and its origin is energetic” (Moreno, Merelo, Etxeberria, 1992:66).

In other words, language is connotational rather than denotational, which means that there is no exchange of information via language in the traditional sense of the word. The concept of consensual domain is crucial for understanding how language works, and it provides foundation for the basic tenet of autopoiesis: “everything said is said by an observer to another observer who can be himself or herself”. Experimental data accumulated in the past decade highlight the role experience plays in such basic cognitive functions as perception, categorization, and conceptualization. 

It has been shown that background knowledge affects categorial decisions (Palmeri & Blalock, 2000; Gelman & Bloom, 2000) and acquisition of new concepts (Nelson et al., 2000; Matan & Carey, 2001), that meaning is specifically related to perception (Allwood & Gaerdenfors, 1999) which itself is influenced by categorization processes (Schyns, 1997; Albertazzi, 2000), and that object recognition and categorization is largely an on-going process, affected by experience of our environment (Wallis & Bülthoff, 1999). Data of this kind from different areas of cognitive research seem to converge on one common point bringing to light the importance of consensually (experientially) shared environment as a cognitive domain of human interactions. The two biological priorities of an organism’s existence are survival and reproduction. These existential imperatives depend on how well man can adapt to the changing world around him, how flexible and effective the adaptation mechanism is, that is, how well man can adjust to the environment. 

The more relevant information (in the traditional sense of the word) he can access and process per time unit, the better are his chances to survive and reproduce. This, basically, explains the evolutional inevitability of information technology era man has entered. However, human senses are functionally limited in their data processing ability inasmuch as their respective perceptual spaces are limited by human physiological makeup. We can see only so far, and we can hear only so much. Our limited vision and hearing set spatial and temporal boundaries for the cognitive domain of interactions with others. Yet due to language as an empirical phenomenon, these limitations are overcome. The sound matter of natural language as a cognitive interaction medium defies spatial limitations imposed by our imperfect vision, and the hard matter of the written sign helps fight the destructive time factor. 

Viewed empirically, language is nothing but a specific consensual environmental domain that serves as a cognitive interface with the world. And this is as far as the computational metaphor goes with regard to language. Being a natural environment of a kind, language, by definition, cannot be analyzed in terms of pre-existing meaningful entities subject to universal interpretation procedures: there will always be a residue of individual experiences, whose relevance and magnitude can vary considerably. At the same time, the universality of interpretation procedures to a large extent depends on the degree to which individual linguistic experiences in their entirety are shared. The lesser this degree, the more pronounced differences in interpretation which, ultimately, account for the diachronic process of linguistic change.

If we accept the above definition of natural language as a consensual domain of cognitive interactions, then in virtue of it being a sign system, we are necessarily faced with the issue of informative sign value relevant for distinguishing between two basic kinds of data input that affect such interactions. As a sign system, natural language operates on two levels of knowledge representation: the level of text (discourse), and the level of linguistic units that add up to produce a text. The resulting informative value of a text largely depends on the informative value of its constituents. The traditional approach to language grammar attempts to provide an explicit set of features of meaning allegedly associated with a given form. 

Within the mainstream cognitive paradigm, these features are viewed as an assembly of concepts we have about the world, which are acquired through natural language and with the help of language. The outcome of this acquisition process is the sum total of our linguistic experiences, of our “romancing the language” — not as a system in a structuralist sense, but as a natural environmental domain inseparable from any other non-linguistic aspect of man’s existence. Thus grammar is viewed as a system of categorized patterned cognitive experience (Bod, 1998). With this in view, the principal objective of a grammatical (morphological) theory should be the explication of the relationship between linguistic structures and cognitive concepts be- hind them. A basic set of such concepts ought not to be very large or essentially different from language to language as the phenomenology of cognition is largely independent of racial or ethnic factors. Grammatical categories should not be treated as if they were purely semantic (in the traditional sense) categories, because morphology is a means of encoding cognitive experience via conceptualization and categorization, that is, in-formation.（essay代写)

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