Reviewing disease burden among rural Indian women--论文代写范文精选

虽然全国健康计划已经成功地减少了女性疾病的病死率,然而,有一个很大的需要我们采取措施改进和有效工作，以达到预期的目标。印度取得了令人满意的效果，在社会指标如预期寿命、婴儿死亡率、儿童死亡率和素养水平。下面的essay代写范文继续进行详述。

Abstract
The disease burden of rural Indian women is reviewed by utilizing the data from the 'Survey of Causes of Death (rural)' annual reports of Registrar General of India supplemented with National family health survey (NFHS-II). The review indicates that bronchitis and asthma are the leading causes while prematurity and heart attacks are second and third respectively. Most of the maternal deaths are concentrated in the age group 20-24 and bleeding is the main cause of maternal death. Tuberculosis of the lungs, malaria and burns are also important causes of death in the early reproductive ages. Rate of suicide, burn, and anaemia diminishes with age. Though nationwide health plans have succeeded in reducing the fatality of women's diseases to a entrain extent, there is however, a great need for improved and effective area-specific health programs to achieve the desired goals. 
Key words: Disease burden, women, reproductive age, maternal mortality

Introduction
India has achieved satisfactory enhancement in social indicators such as life expectancy, infant mortality, child mortality and literacy levels. However, women in rural areas are largely at disadvantage as infectious diseases, malnutrition and maternal problems still account for most of the disease burden. India is one of the few countries where maternal mortality rates in rural areas are among the world's highest i.e. 570 per 100000 women.(1) Women in rural India live in lower status (except in a few states) and experience more episodes of illness than males and also are less likely to access health care facilities before the illness is well advanced.

Precise studies are not available to estimate reproductive health related disease burden in India to help proper area-specific public health interventions. Reliable data on mortality and morbidity during pregnancy are scarce, and for female morbidity in general, they are almost nonexistent in rural areas (5) Paucity of adequate data makes the understandings more complex, for a knowledge of the causes of death that may reveal the sickness load. Although major registration sources are reliable and complete, a good percentage of cases will go unregistered and only 10% of deaths are medically certified. But some sources like Survey of Causes of Death (SCD) do reveal interesting findings that may very well be true.(6) Keeping these in view, this review will discuss about the disease burden with focus on reproductive mortality and morbidity, using the 'cause of death data' in an intricate way.

The proportion of deaths due to suicide is a point to ponder; illness and family problems together accounting for 40% of total suicidal deaths, other factors being love affairs, poverty, failure in exams and dowry disputes according to the National Crime Records (1996). Many of the women choose to die by hanging, self-immolation, drowning, by consuming sleeping pills and poisons.(17) More gender related issues are emerging in the polity recently: empowerment of women and mobilization of men to change their attitudes towards women, family and community interventions. Small enterprise efforts are working on these issues; help lines; call centers and action teams have also been tried in a few states to prevent the suicides through counseling. But these interventions are yet to reach rural areas. 

Of all the social indicators, the largest gap between the rich and poor nations is seen in maternal mortality levels. Developed countries have achieved a Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) as low as 10, whereas India reports more than 500 deaths per 100000 women. Nine in ten maternal deaths occur in developing countries and India shares one fourth of such deaths worldwide. MMR is also an indicator for general socio-economic status, nutrition level as well as maternal health care in the community. Estimation of MMR requires information on the cause of death as well as the status of pregnancy at the time of death. In the absence of complete and reliable vital registration and cause-of-death data, this estimation in India is less accurate. More than half of women suffer from anemia, caused by malaria, hookworm infestation and/or from inadequate intake of iron and folic acid. 

The anemia control program that provides iron and folic acid tablets to pregnant women is a key component of antenatal care, but the scheme has met several supply and demand problems at the field level as only 50.5% of women have been able to receive them. Only one-fourth of the deliveries take place in the health institutions;(18) delivery at home increases the risk of infections and maternal deaths. About three million marriages involve girls in the 15-19 years age group. Girls bearing their first baby in teenage are at obstetric risk and subsequently of low birth weight babies and perinatal complications. The upsurge of female deaths in the age group of 15-19 years bears testimony to the high mortality rate of women.(19) In summary, not only biological factors but social and economic status, cultural, environmental, familial, occupational and political factors affect women’s health and any intervention should address these problems.

51Due网站原创范文除特殊说明外一切图文著作权归51Due所有；未经51Due官方授权谢绝任何用途转载或刊发于媒体。如发生侵犯著作权现象，51Due保留一切法律追诉权。（essay代写)
更多essay代写范文欢迎访问我们主页 www.51due.com 当然有essay代写需求可以和我们24小时在线客服 QQ:800020041 联系交流。-X（essay代写)