RELATIONSHIP OF BODILY COMMUNICATION--论文代写范文精选

研究认知科学领域之一是身体表征和身体的交流,隐喻身体性能可能只是另一个表示方式。在各种场合中，无声沟通也应当注意到,它们与一个给定的概念相结合。下面的essay代写范文进行论述。

ABSTRACT
Why are there individual differences in people’s bodily communication performance success? Which variables may be responsible for the variation in the performance success? Which analogies would appear to dominate in bodily communication, and in what ways would the metaphorization and metonymization processes operate? In this study, the relationship of bodily communication performance with cognitive and personality variables was investigated. 218 students participated to the first phase of the study while 88 of them participated to the second phase of it. In the first phase, a set of tests was v given successively to determine the levels of certain cognitive and personality variables. 

In the experimental setting, the participants were instructed to communicate certain words one by one nonverbally just as in the ‘Silent Movie’ game. The stability of bodily communication expectancy ratings, the factor structure of bodily communication performance and the frequency of the ways of representation for each word were analyzed. Interrater reliability analysis, third eye analysis and case studies were conducted; the unsuccessful representations were described and finally, structural equation modeling results were presented. The theories and research on personality and cognition, metaphors, metonymies, analogies, bodily representations, mind-reading, pragmatics and the notion of relevance were reviewed in the dissertation and after the exposition of the strategies, schemata and scripts employed in the experiments, a model of bodily communication was proposed aiming to integrate the manifold aspects of bodily communication. Keywords: Bodily communication, metaphors, metonymies, mind-reading, inference.

INTRODUCTION
One of the less studied areas of cognitive science is bodily representations and bodily communication. Just as gesture signing seems to be sculpture by a different medium (McNeill, 1992), metaphorical bodily performance may be just another mode of representation by different tools. The cognitive notion of selection is involved in bodily representation. 

On various occasions such as silent communication due to noise or distance and ‘the Silent Movie’ game, it is observed that people use their body parts or their whole body for representing entities and these bodily performances are metaphorical in the sense that they relate a given conceptual structure with bodily performance. For example, they may move their fingers to communicate ‘send me e-mail’ or use their fingers in a certain position and raise them to their mouth and ear to communicate ‘call me’. In her article asking the question “What is the body schema?” Reed (2003) states that “[o]ur sense of body not only includes its current configuration, but also knowledge of the relative locations of its parts and what actions it can perform” (p. 233). 

Reed (2003) defines ‘body schema’ as the “long-term, organized knowledge about the spatial characteristics of human bodies. Reed continues “[body schema] stores information about the spatial relations among body parts, the degrees of freedom for movement at joints, and knowledge of body function. It is also supramodal in that it exists independent of modality-specific processing. Since it contains information relevant to all bodies, the body schema is used to represent others as well as the self” (p. 233). Thus, according to Reed (2003), bodily representation constitutes a supramodal kind of representation. To support this position, Reed (2003) refers to neurological studies –the most prominent being Goldenberg (1997)- that describe neurological patients who exhibit differential impairments: in cases such as autotopagnosia or somatotopagnosia, the spatial abilities are kept intact, but differential problems in identifying or using body parts are observed. More 3 remarkably, patients suffering from ideomotor apraxia that is usually associated with left parietal damage “have difficulty translating a meaningful gesture’s visual appearance in terms of the human body and make errors creating correspondences between the demonstrated gesture and their own motor output” (p. 235).1 Reed (2003), based on the neurological evidence, proposes that bodily representations constitute a different kind of representation transcending single sensory modes.

Which analogies would appear to dominate in bodily communication, and in what ways would the metaphorization and metonymization processes operate? This double question was answered in detail in Subsections 5.2.1-5.2.6. The bodily communication performances were compared with Wordnet 2.1 definitions, and how the bodily communication performances have been metonymized on the basis of schemata and scripts extracted from the word definitions were shown and discussed. The types of metonymies enlisted by Radden and Kövecses (1999) were incorporated to the discussions whenever they were applicable. It was proposed that the words represented by the referent’s typical actions strategy were cases for salient property for category type of metonymy, the effect strategy were cases for the effect for cause type of metonymy, and those represented by the representer’s typical actions strategy were cases for the subevent for whole event type of metonymy and instrument for action type of metonymy proposed in Radden and Kövecses (1999). 

178 Along with the representation side, this study aimed to construct a bidirectional model, in which inference and representation are considered to be the elements of a single model of bodily communication, and salience and distinctiveness, and relevance and clarity were proposed as significant components of the inferential processes. It should be kept in mind that it is neither a computational model nor a cognitive model in the cognitive modeling sense. It is a psychological model in the second sense of the term ‘model’ in Greco (1994) as quoted in Section 1.2. 

The contributions of the Relevance Theory to the study of bodily communication and the interpretation of the bodily communication data were elaborated in Section 2.6 and Subsection 5.2.7 respectively before modestly proposing a model of bodily communication in Subsection 5.2.8 -crystallized in Figure 5.4. In the proposed model of bodily communication, a synthesis of the various areas of inquiry as elaborated in Chapter 2, i.e. personality and cognition; metaphors, analogies and metaphorical representations; personality variables (introversion-extraversion, state-trait anxiety, and self-esteem); bodily representations; 

Theory of Mind, mind-reading and pragmatics have been aimed. In this dissertation a particular cognitive perspective on personality have been endorsed and the cognitive and personality variables and cognitive processes underlying bodily communication performance have been investigated. In the conceptual analyses of the data and in the discussion of the findings, the notion of schemata and scripts have been a central notion. Gibbs (2001)’s approach to metaphorical processes and Barcelona (2000a; 2000b), and Radden and Kövecses 179 (1999)’s cognitive theory of metonymy have been endorsed in this dissertation. One of the most central study in the statistical and conceptual analyses and the discussions have been Ricci Bitti and Poggi (1991), the nearest academic neighbour of this dissertation, which proposed that there existed six strategies of bodily communication. 

This dissertation has been subscribed to a cognitive approach to pragmatics especially inspired by Breheny (2006; 2002), and Sperber and Wilson (2002). Finally a heuristic model of bodily communication performance has been proposed with the aim to integrate these various studies. Its success as a model is to be judged by empirical studies. On the other hand, saying that the model synthesizes the personality variables is problematic because the model is geared toward the communicative and cognitive aspects. What one can deduce from this dissertation is that it has looked into the topic from two perspectives. A synthesis on how the personality variables and the cognitive processes interact would be a case for further research. 

The aim of such a synthesis can actually lead to studies on how personality variables interact with success or failure in communication not only in bodily communication but also in verbal communication. It is possible to propose a number of future works based on or inspired by this dissertation other than the predictions of the proposed bodily communication model for autistics, somatotopagnosiacs, people with prefrontal lesion and finally people with formal thought disorder (FTD): Before all, the limitations of this study have to be overcome in further studies. As stated in Section 1.4, there were basicly five limitations of this study: 1) The limitations drawn by the use of selfreport measurements for personality variables, 2) the impossibility of cross- 180 cultural comparisons, 3) unavailability of a more comprehensive test of analogical reasoning, 4) the relative scarcity of the studies linking bodily communication phenomena and cognitive processes, 5) the uncontrolled variable of prior experience in playing ‘Silent Movie’ game. 

Thus, in further studies, methods of measurement other than self-report method can be looked for to measure the levels of personality variables; crosscultural data can be obtained; a more comprehensive test of analogical reasoning that corresponds to the richness of human analogical reasoning capacity can be looked for or developed and prior experience in playing ‘Silent Movie’ game can be asked before the experiment and controlled accordingly. As to the fourth limitation, this dissertation itself is a modest attempt to overcome the relative scarcity of the studies linking bodily communication phenomena and cognitive processes. Finally, other variables such as shyness, self-monitoring and selfpresentation can be included in variable set in further studies. As stated in Section 1.2, this dissertation improves the ideas and findings of Ricci Bitti and Poggi (1991) which is the nearest neighbour to this dissertation. 

Ricci Bitti and Poggi (1991) concentrated on commonalities among bodily communication, whereas in this dissertation the individual differences and possible reasons underlying the differences were investigated along with commonalities. Secondly, Ricci Bitti and Poggi (1991) did not relate bodily communication with cognitive processes, whereas this dissertation related bodily communication in the context of bodily representations with metaphors, metonymies and analogy making. Thirdly, while Ricci Bitti and Poggi (1991)’s account was outcome-oriented, this dissertation dwelled on the processes 181 underlying bodily communication as well. Finally, Ricci Bitti and Poggi (1991) mostly focused on cross-cultural differences among bodily representations, while this dissertation endorsed an explicitly cognitive orientation investigating the cognitive processes underlying bodily communication. 

A cognitive psychologist within the dual tasks paradigm may modify the methodology and add simultaneous tasks as cognitive loads to either or both of inferers and representers to test certain theories of cognitive interference. A developmental psychologist may concentrate on the development process of bodily communication capacity –both inference and representation capacities. With this aim, the researcher can compare the performance of preschoolers and children of various ages. A social psychologist may make variation in the social relationship of the inferers and representers by manipulating the social categories and identities that the inferers and representers belong. For a more linguistically oriented researcher, the challenge is to test whether the model proposed for bodily communication in this dissertation would be comprehensive enough to suggest a solution for the problem of semantic underspecification in both verbal and nonverbal languages. For a more anthropologically oriented researcher, the challenge can be to investigate how culture participates to the bodily communication processes. This would probably involve cross-cultural comparisons. 

A more neurologically oriented researcher can use the ‘Silent Movie’ methodology to investigate the differential deficiencies of body-related neurological disorders such as somatotopagnosia. 182 Finally, for a more artistically oriented researcher, the challenge can be to relate the findings of this dissertation and the model proposed, with performing arts, especially mime and the history of silent films. These may include in vivo studies (e.g. live performance and video recordings of mime artists) or in vitro studies (e.g. studying the performance of mimers and others in an experimental setting). The model proposed may also be used by film critiques to analyze silent films. They may use the model in the way Forceville (2005) analyzed an Asteriks album from a pragmatics point of view.（essay代写)

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