Political Parties’ Coalition in Indonesia--论文代写范文精选

这一现象验证了结构平衡假说尤其是对冲突情况,如选举过程。有趣的是,系统的平衡是通过时间，以及某些动态波动轨迹。这个动态分为3个阶段,即无序状态,冲突状态,订单状态,以及签署方行为之前和之后的立法选举。下面的essay代写范文将进行详述。

Abstract 
During the Indonesian president election process, the coalition of parties could be shown as the dominant process beside the president campaign. The coalition could be regarded as the emergence of the parties’ preferential coherence based upon the interest and attributes of each party. The similarity and difference of parties’ preference and attributes could be depicted through of party elites’ opinions and attitude toward flowered political issues. In this paper, we use the Heider’s balance theory to construct relation network among parties by using the longitudinal news data of the party elite’s opinion that published by the media, and then analyze the dynamic of coalition formation in the Indonesian political system during the election process. We have shown that the balance of the party’s relational network move toward the larger balance index relative to the initial condition. This phenomenon has verified the structural balance hypothesis especially for the conflict situation such as the election process.  Interestingly, the balance of the system is fluctuated dynamically through time following certain trajectory. This dynamics is divided into 3 phases, that is, disorder state, conflict state, and order state, as well as signed the difference of party behavior before and after the legislative election. Moreover, we also analyzed the stability two parties’ relation in particular period in order to understand specifically the dynamic of the system in triadic level. 
Keywords: Coalition, party elites’ opinion, relation network, Heider’s balance theory, balance index, stability index  

Introduction 
In the presidential government with multiparty system like Indonesia, when the legislative election has resulted fragmentation political map without a single majority party, the coalition among parties is considered as the only way to achieve the majority position in parliament. In case of Indonesia, instead as a balancing power for the elected government, the majority position is more intended to support the president candidacy, since president candidate should be formally endorsed by one or more parties that collectively have one fourth legislative members. In the president election, the coalition is also used to mobilize voters and to decrease the uncertainty of voter behavior by gaining the advantage from parties’ voters. Therefore, it is not surprising if the coalition process of parties could be shown as the dominant process beside the president campaign during the president election. The dynamics of coalition process is depicted from the party elites’ opinion and the effort of each party to make political communication with other parties.   

The coalition among party could be regarded as the emergence of the parties’ preferential coherence based upon the interest and attributes of each party. In this context, the coalition process would be related with the evaluative efforts of the party’s relation with other parties by concerning a lot of issues and interests, and then integrates them as the decision to which parties they will coalesce. This process becomes a complex thing, since the party should compromise a lot of its preference based upon their mainstreams or profiles. Hence, we can say that the dynamics of one party’s preference to become a coalition partner of other parties, could be regarded as the effort to reconcile the tension that emerges because of preferences reevaluation that constrained by several party’s attributes as well as their commitments to constituents. From the Hederian perspective of social psychology, the tension or pressure in the actor’s relations is related with psychologically uncomfortable feeling when actor found the imbalance situation in her interpersonal relations. Based upon Heider’s balance theory, the imbalance condition will enforce the actor to reevaluate her preference and change their preference toward the balance state, which is psychologically more comfortable [5].   

In social structure constituted by many actors, the dynamics of actors’ preference is regarded as the driving force of the dynamics of relation network towards the balance condition. The balance condition will be emerged as clustered group where actors within particular group would share their similar attribute while in return they are strengthen their differences with the out‐group actors.   The “social mitosis” is regarded as the balance condition [11]. Commonly, it strongly tends to occurs in conflicting situation (10) such as the coalition process of political parties. In the coalition process, the similarity of parties’ characteristics and attributes become basic requirements to make a political communication among parties, which in turn will enforce the change in their preferences in order to increase the party relation coherence. In this case, coalition among parties will be emerged as the “mitosis” of relation network into two or more coalesced parties, where the parties within one coalition will have positive attitude toward each other, while they have a negative attitude toward the out‐group parties. Davis [2] elaborated further the dynamical process of opinion change toward the convergence preference and group formation. He hypothesized that such kind dynamics commonly occurs in 3 stages:  First, the innovation, this is the situation where particular x issue is introduced into the system. Second, the preferential change, this is the situation where actors within the system change or strengthen her previous preference because of the present of the x issue. Third, the conflict stage, this is the situation where the actors within the system will have different preferences, whether positive or negative preference toward the x issue.    

During the Indonesian election process, it has been shown how opinion and polemics among parties related with a lot of political issues become a dominant topic in mass media.  This phenomenon is bolstered during legislative election and reached the peak toward the deadline time of president and vice president candidacy for president election. We have assumed that party elites’ opinions are representing the parties’ preference, opinions and polemics among political parties. These opinions have also depicted a similarity and a difference of parties’ 3 attitude toward flowered political issues. Moreover, we understood this phenomenon as the coalition sounding process before the “real” political communication is performed by the political parties.  In this situation, the mass media is role as the mediator that clarifies the parties’ preference signal headed for several political issues. Mass media clarification will reduce the information asymmetric among parties during sounding process as well as to reaffirm the position and relation among parties related with several public political issues.   In this paper, we use the Heider’s balance theory for many agents to analyze the Indonesian political system empirically. Here, we present the party elites’ opinions concerning a lot of issues during the election process as the relation network among parties. The dynamics of this relation network is expected to estimate or infer a clear picture of coalition configuration process of the Indonesian political parties and then analyze further to gain deeper understanding about the basic political process in Indonesian political system. We used the party elites’ opinions that we collect from Indonesian electronic mass media, i.e. Detik.com1 form January to May 2009. These opinions we modeled as relation network, and then we analyze the dynamics of relation network structure during particular period, as well as the dynamics of this relation network to the balance state. We also propose the coalition stability variable as hypothetically relation that aggregated from the parties’ preferences toward the coalition issues.  

The Dynamics of Coalition Process   
By representing the dynamics of Indonesian political party’s coalition as the dynamics of the balance index of the system, we could obtain the generalization of coalition process as illustrated in figure 7. The trajectory of the system as shown in this figure is represented the dynamics of the system from disorder state, i.e. system with a lower balance, to order state, i.e. the coalition is formed and the system has reached an optimum balance.   Interestingly, in the middle of its trajectory to the optimum balance state, the balance index of the system is unexpectedly having a trend to decline. This pattern is regarded as the system transition phase before it attains the optimum balance state. We could also consider it as the adaptation phase of the system toward the change of its environment, i.e. the post legislative election where the candidacy issue is emerged.  At the micro‐level of the change in the source of tension, i.e. the change in the object or issue that constructed the affected relation will make the change of parties’ preference. The diversity of parties’ preference at this phase is very high. This is the conflict situation where the parties have a tendency to maintain their self‐preferences and interests. This condition has made the complexity level of system is reached a maximum level where the tension and dependence among actors is very high.  Each party tends to wait the change of other party’s preference, and then would rapidly reply those changes. Small change in the party’s preference would determine the configuration state of party’s relation in the end of period.     

The dynamics of the parties’ relation periods in the coalition building (figure 7), is related with the change in the basic mechanism which drive the system toward the balance condition. As we mention before, we apparently see the change of the source tension that enforce the coalition formation among parties, i.e. the similarity of non‐ candidacy issue for the pre legislative election and then become the election result aspect and  the similarity of   candidate preference during the post legislative election. Doreian has explained the co‐evolution process between actors’ relation and social attributes, where the dynamics of system toward the balance condition is not only enforced by the triadic imbalance among actors (affected relation) but also by the triadic imbalance of actor toward their social attributes (unit formation relation) [3].  This could be occurred by the emergence of new social attributes or by the change of quality actor’s unit formation relation toward existing social attributes.   In other words, the emergence of new tension sources [10] will drive actors to change her preference and enforce the system toward the balance condition.   

Concluding remarks 
In this paper, we have shown how Heider’s balance principle has developed in order to understand the coalition process of the Indonesian political parties. It is conducted by gathering the party elites’ opinions toward many political issues that emerge during the election and then aggregated as the party’s preference. According to Heiderian perspective, the dynamics of relation among parties is representing the effort of the parties to reconcile the tension because of triadic relation imbalance of parties relatively toward many political attributes that construct the relations. The coalition construction process only could be comprehensively examined using this approach if the social attributes aspect of actors and party’s unit formation relation could be represented as the relation network. 

We have conducted the construction of this kind relation network by using the longitudinal news data of the party elites’ opinion that published by the media during the election, and we have analyzed the dynamics of party’s relation of the network during the coalition configuration. We have analyzed the relation balance index and have shown that the balance of the political system move toward the larger balance index relative to the initial condition. It has been shown that dynamically the system tends toward the balance states through time during the coalition process. This phenomenon has verified the structural balance hypothesis, which stated the system tends toward the balance condition, especially for the conflict situation such as the election process.  This occurs because of the presence of the tension from parties’ imbalance “interpersonal” relation. This tension enforces the parties to increase their preferential coherences.   

The change of parties’ preference is the way for the parties to adapt with this tension. This preferential change has made the balance of the system is fluctuated dynamically through time following certain trajectory. This dynamics is divided into 3 phases, that is, disorder state, conflict state, and order state. The conflict state is the significant state, where the complexity level of the system is the highest, and the system is more sensitive to the change of Global Balance Index Period Pre Legislative Election Post Legislative Election disorder   state order state conflict state Figure 7 The dynamics of the system balance index periods 11 the parties’ preference where the small change will change the trajectory of the system and its final coalition configuration.  

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